The x86 has been extended in many ways throughout its history, remaining mostly backwards compatible while adding execution modes and large extensions to the instruction set. A modern x86 processor can operate in one of four major modes: 16-bit real mode, 16-bit protected mode, 32-bit protected mode, and 64-bit long mode. The primary difference between real and protected mode is in the handling of segments: in real mode the segments directly address memory as 16-byte pages, whereas in protected mode the segments are instead indexes into a descriptor table that contains the physical base and size of the segment. 32-bit protected mode allows paging and virtual memory as well as a 32-bit rather than a 16-bit offset.
The 16-bit and 32-bit operating modes both allow for use of both 16-bit and 32-bit registers via instruction prefixes that set the operation and address size to either 16-bit or 32-bit, with the active operating mode setting the default operation size and the «other» size being flagged with a prefix. These operation and address sizes also affect the size of immediate operands: for example, an instruction with a 32-bit operation size with an immediate operand will have a 32-bit value in the encoded instruction, excepting optimizations such as sign-extended 8-bit values.
Unlike the 16-bit and 32-bit modes, 64-bit long mode is more of a break from the
«legacy» modes. Long mode
obsoletes several instructions. It is also the only mode in which 64-bit registers are
available; 64-bit registers cannot be accessed from either 16-bit or 32-bit mode. Also,
unlike the other modes, most encoded values in long mode are limited to 32 bits in size.
A small subset of the MOV instructions allow 64 bit encoded
values, but values greater than 32 bits in other instructions must come from a register.
Partly due to this limitation, but also due to the wide use of relocatable shared
libraries, long mode also adds a new addressing mode: RIP-relative.
The NASM parser allows setting what subsets of instructions and operands are accepted
by Yasm via use of the CPU directive (see Раздел 4.8). As the x86 architecture has
a very large number of extensions, both specific feature flags such as «SSE3» and CPU names such as «P4» can be specified. The feature flags have
both normal and «no»-prefixed
versions to turn on and off a single feature, while the CPU names turn on only the
features listed, turning off all other features. Таблица 19.3 lists the feature
flags, and Таблица 19.4 lists the CPU names Yasm
supports. Having both feature flags and CPU names allows for combinations such as
CPU P3 nofpu. Both feature flags and CPU names are case
insensitive.
Таблица 19.3. x86 CPU Feature Flags
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
|
|
Floating Point Unit (FPU) instructions |
|
|
MMX SIMD instructions |
|
|
Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) instructions |
|
|
Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 instructions |
|
|
Streaming SIMD Extensions 3 instructions |
|
|
Supplemental Streaming SIMD Extensions 3 instructions |
|
|
Streaming SIMD Extensions 4, Penryn subset (47 instructions) |
|
|
Streaming SIMD Extensions 4, Nehalem subset (7 instructions) |
|
|
All Streaming SIMD Extensions 4 instructions (both SSE4.1 and SSE4.2) |
|
|
Streaming SIMD Extensions 4a (AMD) |
|
|
Streaming SIMD Extensions 5 |
|
|
XSAVE instructions |
|
|
Advanced Vector Extensions instructions |
|
|
Fused Multiply-Add instructions |
|
|
Advanced Encryption Standard instructions |
|
|
PCLMULQDQ instruction |
|
|
3DNow! instructions |
|
|
Cyrix-specific instructions |
|
|
AMD-specific instructions (older than K6) |
|
|
System Management Mode instructions |
|
|
Protected mode only instructions |
|
|
Undocumented instructions |
|
|
Obsolete instructions |
|
|
Privileged instructions |
|
|
Secure Virtual Machine instructions |
|
|
VIA PadLock instructions |
|
|
Intel EM64T or better instructions (not necessarily 64-bit only) |
Таблица 19.4. x86 CPU Names
| Name | Feature Flags | Description |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
Intel 8086 |
|
|
|
Intel 80186 |
|
|
|
Intel 80286 |
|
|
|
Intel 80386 |
|
|
|
Intel 80486 |
|
|
|
Intel Pentium |
|
|
|
Intel Pentium Pro |
|
|
|
Intel Pentium II |
|
|
|
Intel Pentium III |
|
|
|
Intel Pentium 4 |
|
|
|
Intel Itanium (x86) |
|
|
|
AMD K6 |
|
|
|
AMD Athlon |
|
|
|
AMD Athlon64 and Opteron |
|
|
|
Intel codename Prescott |
|
|
|
Intel codename Conroe |
|
|
|
Intel codename Penryn |
|
|
|
Intel codename Nehalem |
|
|
|
Intel codename Westmere |
|
|
|
Intel codename Sandy Bridge |
|
|
|
AMD codename Venice |
|
|
|
AMD codename K10 |
|
|
|
AMD codename Bulldozer |
In order to have access to 64-bit instructions, both a 64-bit capable CPU must be selected, and 64-bit
assembly mode must be set (in NASM syntax) by either using BITS
64 (see Раздел 4.1) or targetting a 64-bit
object format such as elf64.
The default CPU setting is for the latest processor and all feature flags to be enabled; e.g. all x86 instructions for any processor, including all instruction set extensions and 64-bit instructions.